Greetings from Frankfurt, where I find myself attending, for the 49th time, the greatest book show on Earth, despite claiming for 25 years that my days here are done. Yesterday I moderated the STM Association’s Futurist Panel, where three brilliant men (Phil Jones of Digital science, John Connolly of Nature and Richard Padley of Semantico) spoke brilliantly about the Future of Science Publishing, In order to get us all in the mood for change, I introduced them by quoting the Outsell market report for Science information and scholarly communication for the year 2027. Yes, I said 2027 (not difficult if you are a real Worlock!). And here it is:

Outsell Annual Report 2027

“The clear market leaders, IBM Watson Science and Gates Science Services announced their intention to secure the complete commoditisation of content in a new accord to be signed in 2028. Brad Biscotti, Gates Chairman, announced in his annual statement that they felt that content-based competition was no longer appropriate. “By creating and maintaining a huge central database of scholarly communication between us, we can best serve science by competing vigorously in supporting the research process with intelligent software tools. Our two companies have created a self publishing marketplace – now it is time to move on to increase the value derived from research funding. We shall be changing our name to Gates Smart Research as we roll out our first generation of virtual laboratories.”

His opposite number at Watson Science, CEO Jed Gimlet, issued a matching statement: “This long decade of buying publishers and building self-publishing draws to an end as any research team anywhere has available to it online services and solutions for concluding and publishing research articles and evidential data within days, or at least a week, of project completion. Our tried and tested post- publication peer review systems give an accurate guide to good science, and continue to re-rate research over time. We have maintained some of our strong brands, like Nature, Science and Cell, so that republication there could add additional rating value. But
our duty to science is to ensure that everything is in one searchable place and subject to cross searching by any scholar using his own data mining protocols. In making this move we recognise that the production of research findings is now so vast in terms of numbers or articles and available data that creating content silos creates risk from non discovery of prior research.”

Outsell comment on these statements: “There is some special pleading here, of course, since the decline of library budgets in the last ten years meant that article downloads have rapidly declined, while rising volumes of self-published papers create problems for researchers who fundamentally have ceased to read new research. IBM’s intelligent science module, Repeatabilty, used in over 80% of laboratories, needs far more data than an article typically contains, leading to calls to reassess the usefulness, format and content of articles. And when a Repeatability process succeeds or fails, it automatically creates a new citation, enriching the metadata attached to the database and requiring a mandatory notice to all previous users. IBM think this is a cost they should share with Gates.

Gates in turn would point out that almost no one reads articles now. Almost all enquiry is robotic, governed by research protocols mandated by funders and implemented at project inception and regularly during the research process. This may lead researchers to check some findings, though many of the enquiries are satisfied at a metadata level. Their major program, Gates Guru, uses this type of intelligent machine reading to provide a metrics-based rating system for scholarship and institutions. Guru, following Gates landmark deal with the Chinese Government in 2025, is the universally accepted standard and there is no university or researcher
who does not subscribe to it at some level.”

(DISCLAIMER – this is a work of imagination, not of Outsell, and they should not be blamed for my heresies)

Unusually for such events, we had a good 45 minutes of discussion. Many intriguing and interesting points were raised. There were fewer than usual change – deniers, though a few arguments were tinged with the “say I can go on doing it like this for a few more years – please” frame of mind that consultants to this sector are very used to encountering. It almost seemed for a moment as if we as an industry accept that real change is afoot – and we are several phases in already.

Until I got a beer in my hand, and a smiling, intelligent, successful publisher said quietly “that deal you mentioned between Wellcome and F1000 – you don’t think that will succeed do you? I mean, they will never make money!” And all of a sudden the best part of a decade had flashed past and I was back in that same room at the same time room interviewing Harold Varmus, co-founder of PLoS, in front of the same crowd. He told them about the launch of PLoS1; they said megajournals would never succeed. I rest my case!

Here on the South Shore of Nova Scotia it is easy to dream dreams and support fantasies, so treat what follows with caution. Also I am entirely without the benefit of talking to anyone at either Wiley or Atypon for several weeks, so my thinking about the purchase of the latter by the former is not supported by any external knowledge or expertise. Yet I have M had a stream of requests wondering whether I know what it means, so walking the shoreline has given me plenty of opportunity to think about it. And whenever I do, I find myself thinking both about the business of consolidation and about the pressing needs of academic and industrial researchers in a data-driven society.

Let’s start with the first and get thoroughly lost en route to the second. Just suppose that the subtle strategists at Wiley have at length decided that buying more journals is no longer a growth strategy. Wiley can grow revenues in education through acquisition, as it has demonstrated. But in the scholarly research market? This is Wiley’s cash cow, and what they want to grow here is margins – or at least drive margins back to where they once were in the glory days of the 1990s when 45% ebitda expectations were the norm. So what if the Wiley choice was recreate InterScience as an updated rival to SpringerLink or ScienceDirect, the rival Springer and Elsevier platforms, or buy Atypon, move their data to that platform and consolidate there at less expense, and with the ability to earn a margin on all the other independent players already on that platform. Just as Wiley bought a whole swathe of institutional publishing rights when it bought Blackwell a generation ago, here it would be buying distribution rights, including a whole tranche of outfits beginning American and ending in Society with a whole lot of words in between that I have difficulty spelling. Add a few more major Atypon players like Sage (coming soon) or McGraw or Emerald or Taylor and Francis and I begin to envisage a conversation that begins “join our super Big Deal off the Atypon platform and we will rival Springer as a power bloc within the librarian’s budget”!

All of this made me recall the early days of ScienceDirect, when Elsevier offered to host the entire marketplace in the interests of scholarship, and were deeply miffed when the rest of the market thought it was more in the interests of Elsevier and politely declined. But surely the age of the Super Hosts is over? Does no one else remember Dialog and what happened to it? Surely the Grand Strategy cannot just be this? While the margins on hosting would be a useful support to net revenues derived from elsewhere in the Wiley STM business, this seems an elaborate way to put another $30 million on the bottom line. So time to think again?

Maybe they bought it for the technology? Atypon is probably best in class, but Wiley have a strong Tech skill set, and already produce very serious Toolsets for researchers. Wiley Spectra Labs would be a prime example. There is nothing Atypon do that Wiley could not do if they devoted the time and investment to it, so this does not seem a fruitful line of enquiry. Another walk – try again!

And on the shoreline of Kingsburg Bay it is easy to reflect on the way in which the data driven society we live in is reflected in the lives of researchers. In the past year I have heard countless stories of research being embedded in the data created by previous research. Repeatability is becoming a key factor, and often one driven by data analytics. I have heard stories of research teams who do not read the literature where it is too voluminous to handle, but search it carefully and semantically for signs of issues that concern them. And I keep on hearing scholars complaining about how hard it is to cross search files located in many different places and governed by different access rules, both at the level of formal data mining and at a less formal level. And does this get better as more evidential data is made available in places like figshare and F1000? Or as the use and value of preprints grows since no one can wait for the published version?

In other words, the big publishers, if they are to stay in the game, must begin to envisage what life will be like in the Age of Data Licensing. When library Big Deal revenues begin to decline, though individual download revenues still grow. The data licensing stream could be a very valuable way to maintain margins, especially since these fees go mostly directly to the bottom line. And here it is worth considering what Elsevier have been about during the quiet dog days of “nothing happens in August”. On 24 August the Mendeley blog invited us all to try out the beta version of Elsevier’s DataSearch, a cross file tool set to allow users to cross search ScienceDirect and certain other files – ArcIV, for example – in conjunction with it . So would it not be a good idea for Wiley to act for the rest of the market, work on a deal which allowed all Atypon-hosted data, owners permitting, to be subject to this sort of licensed searching? And if the user terms were the same for Wiley Atypon as for Elsevier, and, who knows, even Springer Nature, that would surely be in the interests of users and not really a competition issue?

Before fantasy takes flight, let’s recall that there are still a number of smaller hosts around like Ingenta, Highwire and SilverChair. Will they get squeezed out by the availability of sophisticated cross file searching tools on the major repository sites? Atypon in its new guise could be an instrument of consolidation there. And will there be more preprint sites bound into this? Undoubtedly, and Elsevier’s quiet announcement in August of its patent for a machine-based peer review process will help to answer calls for greater speed in article workflow processing just as it annoys the OA lobbyists.

Taken in the context of the past, the Wiley Atypon deal looks odd and untimely. Place it in the context of the data licensing future, and it could be a prescient stroke which retains the cash cow potency of STM at Wiley while the education story unwinds.

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